Table 4 Bivariable and multivariable analyses of factors associated with polypharmacy among participants
From: Polypharmacy among adults receiving outpatient care at Kitgum General Hospital, Northern Uganda
Factors | Bivariate | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Age group | ||||
18–35 | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
36–64 | 2.22 (1.43–3.44) | < 0.001** | 1.06 (0.53–2.12) | 0.876 |
≥ 65 | 2.92 (1.66–5.11) | < 0.001** | 0.73 (0.27–2.00) | 0.547 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1 | Ref | - | - |
Female | 0.86 (0.57–1.30) | 0.482 | ||
Residence | ||||
Urban | 1 | Ref | - | - |
Rural | 0.92 (0.62–1.35) | 0.666 | ||
Marital status | ||||
Single | 1 | Ref | - | - |
Married | 1.84 (1.01–3.33) | 0.046 | ||
Separated | 2.42 (1.08–5.46) | 0.033** | ||
Widowed | 6.93 (3.10–15.51) | < 0.001** | ||
Employment Status | ||||
Employed | 1 | Ref | - | - |
Unemployed | 1 (0.66–1.51) | 0.989 | ||
Student | 0.64 (0.33–1.24) | 0.287 | ||
Average monthly income | ||||
< 120,000 UGX | 1 | Ref | - | - |
120,000–240,000 UGX | 1.05 (0.61–1.81) | 0.853 | ||
> 240,000 UGX | 1.32 (0.84–2.07) | 0.234 | ||
Chronic medical condition | ||||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
Yes | 4.25 (2.78–6.50) | < 0.001** | 15.93 (3.10–11.34) | < 0.001*** |
Hospitalization in the last 12 months | ||||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
Yes | 1.9 (1.21–2.99) | 0.005** | 1.32 (0.71–2.46) | 0.387 |
Herbal medicine intake | ||||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
Yes | 0.72 (0.41–1.27) | 0.260 | 0.36 (0.17–0.77) | 0.009*** |
BMI | ||||
< 18.5 (Underweight) | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
18.5–24.9 (Normal weight) | 1.52 (0.91–2.54) | 0.108* | 1.64 (0.81–3.30) | 0.168 |
25–29.9 (Overweight) | 2.45 (1.19–5.06) | 0.015** | 2.48 (0.90–6.82) | 0.078 |
≥ 30 (Obese) | 7 (1.36–35.93) | 0.020** | 6.32 (0.71–56.34) | 0.098 |
OPD Visit in the last 12 months | ||||
1 time | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
2 times | 1.89 (0.94–3.79) | 0.072* | 2.03 (0.82–5.02) | 0.123 |
3 or more times | 2.28 (1.22–4.27) | 0.010** | 1.72 (0.75–3.95) | 0.200 |
Use of Over-the-counter drugs | ||||
No | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
Yes | 6.7 (4.28–10.49) | < 0.001** | 16.7 (8.87–31.42) | < 0.001*** |
Alcohol intake | ||||
No | 1 | Ref | - | - |
Yes | 1.41 (0.94–2.11) | 0.098* | ||
Smoking status | ||||
Current smoker | 1 | Ref | - | - |
Ex-smoker | 0.56 (0.19–1.62) | 0.283 | ||
Never smoked | 2.68 (1.06–6.80) | 0.037** | ||
Cadre of prescriber | ||||
Nurse | 1 | Ref | - | - |
Clinical officer | 1.37 (0.50–3.74) | 0.545 | ||
Medical officer | 1.86 (0.64–5.42) | 0.253 | ||
Pharmacist | 2 (0.50–8.00) | 0.327 | ||
Specialist | 3.5 (0.94–12.97) | 0.361 | ||