Table 4 Generalized estimating equation (GEE) model results predicting receipt of blood glucose testing supplies prescription at 12 months pre-test and posttest, N = 12,949 patients

Intercept

1.32

1.31, 1.32

1.00

0.90, 1.10

Provider Characteristics (Level 3)

Rethink the Strip intervention condition

0.97

**

0.96, 0.99

.

.

Patient cohort

 Original patient cohort (ref)

.

.

.

.

 New patient cohort

0.88

**

0.87, 0.90

.

.

Provider Gender

 Male (ref)

.

.

.

.

 Female

1.01

1.00, 1.02

1.00

0.99, 1.02

Provider type

 MD or DO (ref)

.

.

.

.

 NP

1.01

0.99, 1.03

1.01

0.99, 1.03

 PA

0.97

*

0.95, 0.99

1.00

0.98, 1.02

 PharmD

0.86

0.71, 1.03

0.92

0.77, 1.10

Provider specialty

 Family medicine (ref)

.

.

.

.

 Internal medicine

0.98

*

0.96, 1.00

0.97

*

0.96, 0.99

Rural-urban status

 Metro– Counties in metro areas of 1 million population or more (ref)

.

.

.

.

 Metro– Counties in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population

1.03

*

1.01, 1.04

1.02

*

1.00, 1.04

 Metro– Counties in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population

1.00

0.98, 1.02

1.00

0.98, 1.02

 Nonmetro– Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area

1.03

0.99, 1.07

1.02

0.98, 1.06

 Nonmetro– Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area

1.13

**

1.06, 1.21

1.09

*

1.02, 1.16

Patient Characteristics (Level 2)

Gender

 Male (ref)

.

.

.

.

 Female

1.05

**

1.04, 1.07

1.04

**

1.03, 1.06

Age, in years

1.004

**

1.004, 1.005

1.001

*

1.0003, 1.002

Race

 White (ref)

.

.

.

.

 Black or African American

1.02

*

1.00, 1.04

1.04

**

1.02, 1.06

 Other race

0.97

*

0.94, 1.00

1.03

0.99, 1.06

Ethnicity

 Latino or Hispanic (ref)

.

.

 Non-Latino/Hispanic

1.05

*

1.01, 1.10

1.01

0.97, 1.06

Body mass index

 Underweight

1.13

0.97, 1.31

1.12

0.97, 1.30

 Normal weight (ref)

.

.

.

.

 Overweight

0.98

0.95, 1.01

0.99

0.96, 1.02

 Obese

0.97

*

0.94, 0.99

0.98

0.96, 1.01

A1C, most recent

1.02

**

1.01, 102

1.01

*

1.00, 1.02

Smoking status

 Never smoker (ref)

.

.

.

.

 Past smoker

1.02

*

1.00, 1.04

1.01

0.99, 1.02

 Passive smoker (secondhand smoke)

1.00

0.85, 1.17

1.01

0.86, 1.18

 Smoker

0.98

*

0.96, 1.00

0.99

0.97, 1.01

 Unknown

0.82

†

0.66, 1.02

0.84

0.68, 1.04

Non-insulin diabetes medication (oral or injectable)

 Sulfonylurea or glinide

1.13

**

1.11, 1.15

1.07

**

1.05, 1.09

 GLP-1 analog, SGLT 2 inhibitor, or DPP-IV

1.10

**

1.09, 1.12

1.09

**

1.07, 1.11

 Some other oral medication

1.07

**

1.05, 1.08

1.05

*

1.02, 1.09

 No oral medication (ref)

0.92

**

0.91, 0.94

1.02

0.99, 1.06

Insurance status

 Commercial (ref)

.

.

.

.

 Blue Cross Blue Shield, commercial

0.98

†

0.95, 1.00

0.98

0.96, 1.00

 Blue Cross Blue Shield, state health plan

1.06

**

1.03, 1.10

1.04

*

1.01, 1.07

 Medicaid

1.16

**

1.11, 1.21

1.17

**

1.12, 1.22

 Medicare

1.15

**

1.12, 1.17

1.12

**

1.09, 1.14

 Other

0.98

0.92, 1.04

0.99

0.93, 1.05

Time (Level 1)

 Time period

 12 months prior to intervention (ref)

.

.

.

.

 12 months post-intervention

0.96

**

0.95, 0.96

.

.

Interaction

 Rethink the Strip Intervention

0.96

**

0.94, 0.98

0.96

**

0.94, 0.98

 Time

0.95

**

0.94, 0.96

0.95

**

0.94, 0.96

 Cohort

0.86

**

0.84, 0.88

0.90

**

0.88, 0.92

 Rethink the Strip Intervention x Time

1.01

1.00, 1.02

1.01

1.00, 1.02

 Rethink the Strip Intervention x Cohort

1.06

*

1.02, 1.10

1.04

*

1.00, 1.08

 Cohort x Time

1.03

**

1.01, 1.04

1.03

**

1.01, 1.04

 Rethink the Strip Intervention x Time x Cohort

0.97

*

0.95, 1.00

0.97

*

0.95, 1.00