Table 2 Factors associated with patient enrolment in primary care

Batista, 2019, Canada (Ontario)

9,231,840 adults aged 18 years or older

Patients being formally rostered to a primary care physician practicing in a patient enrolment model

• Immigrants had lower odds of being registered in these practices than long-term residents (aOR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.40–0.41). People with lower neighbourhood income (Ref: Q5 highest; aORs: 0.81–0.83), and those with high morbidity (Ref: 0; 1–5: aOR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.92–0.93; 6–9: aOR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.76–0.77; 10+: aOR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.62–0.64) had lower odds of being enrolled.

• Women (Ref: men; aOR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.07–1.08), residents in suburban (Ref: urban; aOR = 2.18, 95% CI: 2.17–2.29) or rural areas (Ref: urban; aOR = 2.99, 95% CI: 2.97–3.01) had higher odds of being enrolled.

Logistic regression

Age, gender, rurality, income and comorbidity score

Strumpf, 2017, Canada (Quebec)

1,159,082 residents

Patients registered with a GP

• Patients with registered GPs were less likely to live in university region (23.6% vs. 39.1%, p < 0.005), be with material deprivation index most advantaged (12.2% vs. 16.3%, p < 0.005), hypertension (27.2% vs. 30.5%, p < 0.005), asthma (3.4% vs. 4.2%, p < 0.005), and COPD (6.6% vs. 7.0%, p < 0.005).

• They were more likely to live in peripheral region (44.2% vs. 37.2%, p < 0.005), intermediate region (27.2% vs. 19.4%, p < 0.005), and remote region (5.0% vs. 4.3%, p < 0.005).

Difference-in-differences models

NA

Lavergne, 2022, Canada (Quebec)

1,569,010 adults aged 40 years or more who registered for health insurance

Physician agrees to take charge of patient regularly and provide required follow-up care

• Neighbourhood income quintile (Ref: Q1 [lowest]): Q2 (aOR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.04), Q3 (aOR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.04–1.05), Q4 (aOR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03–1.06), Q5 [highest] (aOR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.94–0.96).

• Residence (Ref: metropolitan): Smaller urban (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.60–1.63), Rural/remote (aOR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.36–1.39).

• Mental illness (aOR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.92–0.96).

• Substance use disorder (aOR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.58–0.63).

Logistic regression

Age, sex or gender, and number of comorbidities

Lavergne, 2022, Canada (Quebec)

2,394,927 adults aged 40 years or more who registered for health insurance

Physician agrees to take charge of patient regularly and provide required follow-up care

• Neighbourhood income quintile (Ref: Q1 [lowest]): Q2 (aOR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.09–1.11), Q3 (aOR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.16–1.19), Q4 (aOR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.17–1.20), Q5 [highest] (aOR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.20–1.23).

• Residence (Ref: metropolitan): Smaller urban (aOR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.79–0.80), Rural/remote (aOR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.92–0.94).

Logistic regression

Age, sex or gender, and number of comorbidities

Lavergne, 2022, Canada (British Columbia)

133,589 adults aged 40 years or more who registered for health insurance

Physician bills

code accepting

responsibility for

chronic disease

management for

1 year

• Neighbourhood income quintile (Ref: Q1 [lowest]): Q2 (aOR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.99–1.06), Q3 (aOR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03–1.10), Q4 (aOR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.05–1.12), Q5 [highest] (aOR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00-1.07).

• Income assistance (aOR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.97–1.05).

• Residence (Ref: metropolitan): Smaller urban (aOR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.14–1.19), Rural/remote (aOR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.78–0.83).

• Mental illness (aOR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.94–1.02).

• Substance use disorder (aOR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.65–0.80).

Logistic regression

Age, sex or gender, and number of comorbidities

Lavergne, 2022, Canada (British Columbia)

47,619 adults aged 40 years or more who registered for health insurance

Physician bills code indicating willingness to provide “full-service family practice” and confirm relationship with patient through “standardized conversation

• Neighbourhood income quintile (Ref: Q1 [lowest]): Q2 (aOR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.97–1.08), Q3 (aOR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.99–1.11), Q4 (aOR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00-1.13), Q5 [highest] (aOR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04–1.17).

• Income assistance (aOR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.95–1.09).

• Residence (Ref: metropolitan): Smaller urban (aOR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.22–1.33), Rural/remote (aOR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.58–0.66).

• Mental illness (aOR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.82–0.93).

• Substance use disorder (aOR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.56–0.72).

Logistic regression

Age, sex or gender, and number of comorbidities

Lavergne, 2022, Canada (British Columbia)

1,349,428 adults aged 40 years or more who registered for health insurance

Physician bills code indicating willingness to provide “full-service family practice” and confirm relationship with patient through “standardized conversation

• Neighbourhood income quintile (Ref: Q1 [lowest]): Q2 (aOR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.08–1.11), Q3 (aOR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.31–1.34), Q4 (aOR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.48–1.52), Q5 [highest] (aOR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.64–1.69).

• Income assistance (aOR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.75–0.78).

• Residence (Ref: metropolitan): Smaller urban (aOR = 2.82, 95% CI: 2.78–2.85), Rural/remote (aOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.89–1.95).

• Mental illness (aOR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.13–1.16).

• Substance use disorder (aOR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.59–0.63).

Logistic regression

Age, sex or gender, and number of comorbidities