Table 2 Characteristics of interventions
Study ID | Author, year | Primary healthcare workers | Specialist(s) | Intervention description | Intervention duration | Comparison group | Health outcome variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Zhang et al., 2019 [25] | GPs | Endocrinologist and nutritionist | Two-way referral, task sharing, case discussion, online system for patient education | 6 months | Usual care | HbA1c, FBG |
2 | Sun et al., 2018 [26] | Family doctors and nurses | Endocrinologist | Two-way referral, case management, task sharing, regular discussions | 12 months | Usual care | HbA1c, FBG, 2hPBG, |
3 | Dai et al., 2021 [27] | GPs | Endocrinologist and specialty diabetes nurses | Regular diabetes clinics in communities per week, two-way referral | Unknown | Usual care | HbA1c, BP, BMI, FBG, TC, LDL, HDL, |
4 | Chen et al., 2020 [28] | GPs | Ophthalmologist | Patient education, case management | 24 months | Usual care | HbA1c, FBG, 2hPBG, TC, TG, LDL, HDL |
5 | Wilson et al., 2014 [29] | GPs | Intermediate Care Clinics for Diabetes (A specialist team) | Two-way referral | 18 months | Usual care | HbA1c, BP, Cholesterol |
6 | Borgerman et al., 2009 [30] | Primary healthcare physicians | The interdisciplinary diabetes care teams: a nurse educator, an internist, a dietician and an ophthalmologist. | Case management, case discussion meetings, enhanced communication among health professionals | 18 months | Usual care | HbA1c, BMI, BP, TC, HDL, LDL |
7 | Wagner et al., 2003 [31] | Nurses and physicians | Pharmacist | Case management, task sharing | 12 months | Standardized care | HbA1c |
8 | Ni et al., 2019 [32] | Primary healthcare physicians | Endocrinologists, dietitians, psychologists, cardiologists, nephrologists, and specialist nurses | Two-way referral | 12 months | Usual care | HbA1c |
9 | Choe et al., 2005 [33] | Primary healthcare internists | Pharmacist | Pharmacist-assisted case management | 12 months | Usual care | HbA1c, LDL |
10 | DICE, 1994 [34] | GPs | Hospital specialist clinic | Practice guidelines and protocols specification, annual specialist review, computerized system | 24 months | Usual care | HbA1c, BP, BMI |
11 | Hoskins et al., 1993 [35] | GPs | A specialist diabetic clinic | Case discussion, annual clinic review by specialists | 12 months | Usual GP care | HbA1c, BP, weight |
12 | Basudev et al., 2016 [36] | GPs | Specialist diabetes teams | Virtual clinics: case discussion, clinical review, patient consultations | 12 months | Usual diabetes care | HbA1c, BP, BMI, weight, cholesterol |