Table 3 Perceived risks for physicians and persons living with chronic pain
Medication subclasses | Physicians | Persons living with CP | Difference | p-value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean ± SD (0–10 scores) | N | Mean ± SD (0–10 scores) | ||||
NSAIDs – selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors (COX-2) | 83 | 4.71 ± 1.94 | 23 | 3.30 ± 3.42 | 1.41 | 0.035 | |
NSAIDs – salicylates | 83 | 5.22 ± 2.01 | 1 | - | NA | NA | |
Other oral NSAIDs (non-specific) | 80 | 5.45 ± 1.73 | 58 | 2.91 ± 3.38 | 2.54 | ≤ 0.001 | |
NSAIDs – Topical agents | 83 | 1.94 ± 1.46 | 38 | 0.45 ± 1.64 | 1.49 | ≤ 0.001 | |
Various topical agents | 83 | 1.98 ± 1.51 | 31 | 0.77 ± 1.84 | 1.21 | ≤ 0.001 | |
Acetaminophen | 83 | 2.27 ± 1.57 | 98 | 1.15 ± 2.51 | 1.12 | ≤ 0.001 | |
Acetaminophen in combination with an opioid | 82 | 6.22 ± 1.71 | 14 | 3.57 ± 3.76 | 2.65 | 0.017 | |
Short-acting opioids | 82 | 7.93 ± 1.46 | 36 | 5.81 ± 3.74 | 2.12 | 0.021 | |
Long-acting opioids | 83 | 7.20 ± 1.51 | 13 | 3.62 ± 3.43 | 3.58 | ≤ 0.001 | |
Opioids associated with a norepinephrine reuptake inhibition (e.g., tramadol) | 82 | 6.20 ± 1.84 | 26 | 4.35 ± 3.62 | 1.85 | 0.015 | |
Partial opioid receptor agonists | 74 | 5.81 ± 1.73 | 5 | 6.00 ± 2.74 | NA | NA | |
Opioids in combination with an opioid receptor antagonist | 77 | 5.91 ± 1.67 | 6 | 4.67 ± 4.55 | NA | NA | |
Anticonvulsants – Calcium channel blockers (gabapentinoids) | 82 | 4.85 ± 1.56 | 53 | 4.43 ± 3.45 | 0.42 | 0.627 | |
Anticonvulsants – Sodium channel blockers | 81 | 5.74 ± 1.45 | 3 | 2.67 ± 4.62 | NA | NA | |
Anticonvulsants – Other | 80 | 5.41 ± 1.56 | 10 | 4.20 ± 3.82 | 1.21 | 0.637 | |
Antidepressants – SNRIs | 82 | 3.87 ± 1.42 | 56 | 3.39 ± 3.27 | 0.48 | 0.228 | |
Antidepressants – SSRIs | 82 | 3.68 ± 1.51 | 21 | 2.86 ± 3.58 | 0.82 | 0.047 | |
Antidepressants – SSRIs and 5-HT2 receptor antagonists | 82 | 3.62 ± 1.54 | 15 | 3.67 ± 3.44 | -0.05 | 0.492 | |
Antidepressants – Specific noradrenergic and serotonergic | 80 | 3.99 ± 1.60 | 3 | 3.33 ± 4.16 | NA | NA | |
Antidepressants – Tricyclics | 80 | 4.63 ± 1.75 | 25 | 2.36 ± 3.12 | 2.27 | ≤ 0.001 | |
Antidepressants – Miscellaneous | 78 | 3.83 ± 1.40 | 15 | 2.53 ± 2.88 | 1.30 | 0.023 | |
Antipsychotics | 79 | 5.51 ± 1.41 | 17 | 2.18 ± 3.00 | 3.33 | ≤ 0.001 | |
Barbiturates | 73 | 7.58 ± 1.54 | 0 | - | NA | NA | |
Benzodiazepines | 82 | 7.54 ± 1.48 | 32 | 2.50 ± 3.12 | 5.04 | ≤ 0.001 | |
Various anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics | 79 | 5.76 ± 1.85 | 13 | 3.77 ± 3.35 | 1.99 | 0.065 | |
Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants | 81 | 4.56 ± 1.82 | 34 | 4.18 ± 3.14 | 0.38 | 0.651 | |
GABA-Derivative skeletal muscle relaxants | 76 | 4.41 ± 1.52 | 6 | 4.00 ± 3.63 | NA | NA | |
Miscellaneous muscle relaxants | 72 | 3.94 ± 1.77 | 2 | 5.00 ± 2.83 | NA | NA | |
Synthetic cannabinoids (under prescription) | 78 | 5.36 ± 1.76 | 23 | 4.26 ± 3.26 | 1.1 | 0.087 | |
Medical/therapeutic cannabis | 77 | 5.87 ± 2.10 | 43 | 3.09 ± 3.28 | 2.78 | ≤ 0.001 | |
Antimigraine agents – 5HT-1 receptor agonists (triptans) | 79 | 3.56 ± 1.51 | 17 | 3.12 ± 2.85 | 0.44 | 0.074 | |
Antimigraine agents – CGRP Antagonists | 74 | 4.04 ± 1.73 | 0 | - | NA | NA | |
Antimigraine agents – Miscellaneous | 70 | 4.17 ± 1.74 | 2 | 1.00 ± 1.41 | NA | NA | |
Corticosteroids – Oral | 81 | 6.72 ± 1.85 | 3 | 3.33 ± 3.51 | NA | NA | |
Clonidine | 78 | 4.24 ± 1.81 | 3 | 7.33 ± 2.52 | NA | NA | |
Mexiletine | 67 | 5.54 ± 2.06 | 0 | - | NA | NA | |