Table 4 Qualitative analysis of open-ended survey responses

Leadership (n = 4)

Differences in levels of competency and involvement by co-leaders can be a barrier to collaboration

In the co-leadership model, there is a clinical lead and an organizational lead. Some of the enablers are grounded by a strong clinical lead despite having poor organizational leadership. Several of the barriers are impacted by poor organizational leadership that is not outweighed by good clinical leadership. For example, barriers around scope of practice are primarily influenced by organizational leadership while enablers about fostering trust and respect are driven almost exclusively by clinical leadership. (Nurse)

Funding model (n = 3)

The Fee for Service (FFS) funding model was identified as a barrier to collaborative practice as it creates a disincentive for physicians to collaborate as they lose revenue

Barriers include the fee for service model within a collaborative practice. Physicians are 'scared' to give up their patient care as they won’t be able to bill for some visits. (Nurse)

Built Environment (n = 2)

The workspace was both a facilitator and a barrier to collaborative practice

Enabler: shared team lounge/lunchroom—allows for informal collaboration and team building. (GP)

Having a bigger working area would be beneficial as we run out of space often. Organization around office is key and run is limited. (Admin)